Test

Most, if not all, theories of gravitation beg for the vacuum of space to be filled
with some substance or another to carry the message of gravity from planet to
moon; from star to star. The luminiferous aether, Higgs particles/fields, and
Super- String theory...are a few such attempts to fill that vacuum. Isaac Newton
would have probably much preferred that the void be filled with
"something"...anything really; but he was too careful a scientist to install an
arbitrary substance into nature that he could neither touch, see, or detect in any
way. The three examples above are such substances--strictly hypothetical. No one
has ever laid hands on a single Higgs particle; nor has one thread of "string" been
plucked from the fabric of space. For all their brilliant efforts, Michelson and Morely
found not one breath of "aether" anywhere.

Justifying a search for a Magnetic Field Throughout Space

When I started out on this project, ten years ago, I had no intention of suggesting a solution
for gravity. To attempt such a task was the furthest thing from my mind...as it was far
beyond my abilities. My only intention was to sketch a portrait of the universe as I thought
it might look; (which is summarized in Section 3 of this web-site.) When I was done with this
sketch, the electric field was an exclusive property of matter; while the magnetic field lay
independently in space. It occurred to me that this was a unconventional view. And it was
only then, that the ideas about gravity, expressed on this web-site, came creeping forward.

In other words, I did not attempt to fill space with a "something" to satisfy the workings of
gravity. The model of the universe came first. The ideas of gravity (presented on this site)
just fell into place as if a by-product of the model.

My motivation for sketching the magnetic field into space comes from certain ideas of
Einstein, Maxwell, and Michael Faraday.

First, and perhaps foremost, was the intuition of Michael Faraday, who, in his experiments
with coils and currents, conceived of the notion that a magnetic field was a "substance" in
space that was being modified by his electromagnet. This idea was novel; because the
popular, ongoing belief, in those times, was that a magnetic field was somehow being
generated (or manufactured) by the electromagnet. The distinction is subtle...but
important.

Secondly, Maxwell's analysis of Faraday's work--resulting in his famous equations of
electrodynamics--was the motivation for his poignant statement at the top of this page.
Since Maxwell's equations deal exclusively with electric and magnetic fields, we are justified
to ask if the "material substance" (in his statement) is not one of those fields--or both.

Finally, Einstein's study on moving charged particles--later to be known as "The Special
Theory of Relativity"--raises a compelling issue. "Special Theory" says, that while a moving
electron induces a magnetic field in the space, through which it travels; if an observer were
to travel in tandem with that electron--(at the same velocity), he (the observer) would
detect no magnetic field in the vicinity of space around the electron. Though the electric field
would persist.

This tells us that the electric field is an exclusive and incorruptible property of an electron--
that is, the electric field is not affected by its state of motion or its physical relationship with
the magnetic field. Or, in far more general terms, Matter owns the electric field--free and
clear.

Secondly, and perhaps more important, this aspect of Special Relativity gives us grounds for
an argument proposing that a magnetic field fills all space. And again, using more general
terms, we can express this idea by saying: Space owns the magnetic field. (This argument
is presented immediately below, in the ellipse-shaped field.)

Although all the above (even combined) can not, in any way, be considered as conclusive, it
is enough to justify the questions:

(1)"If the electric field is an independent physical entity, might not the magnetic field also
be a independent physical entity?"

(2) "Is Maxwell's "material substance" that occupies "the interplanetary and interstellar
spaces" simply a magnetic field?"

(3) "Does space own the magnetic field like matter owns the electric field?"

(4) "Can Faraday's intuition, about the magnetic field being a real substance in space, be the
accurate description of nature?"

Conclusion

The model of the universe presented here--and the explanation for gravity
that comes from this model--might not be "uniquely right" (as John Wheeler
puts it, in Gravitation--[Wheeler's quote is at the top of Section 2 of this web-
site; click here to see it.]) This model is, however, "uniquely simple".

One would be hard-pressed, in fact, to find a simpler model. Viewed in a most
fundamental way, we have a universe made up of only two physical entities--
the magnetic field and the electric field--each an independent reality--which
continuously interact with each other to manifest every aspect of our total
physical reality; including, of course, the electromagnetic field.

Through this simple model, a variety of physical phenomena can be
justified...at least in a general way. Some examples are:

1) The nature of matter: There are many indications that suggest that basic
particles of matter are some (condensed) configuration of electromagnetic
fields. (And perhaps no indications that suggest otherwise.)

2) The fixed velocity of light: A thin magnetic field, suspended throughout
space, might serve as something of a resister to electromagnetic
waves...causing the higher energy wave to compress.

3) The problem of Dark Matter: Missing mass could be in the form of pure
magnetic energy spread evenly throughout the cosmos.

4) And, of course, gravity...the scenario featured in this web site.

This model (right or wrong) portrays a universe without a beginning or end;
which is inter-connected and multi-functional in its every part; which
transforms energy from one form to another--without waste--adhering
strictly to energy-conservation principals. All energy transactions are self
contained, within this universe--quelling the need (for us) to reach for esoteric
solutions for unexplained losses or gains of energy.

This is a universe perpetual--renewing itself constantly--completely efficient,
and in every way intrinsic. For if our laws of thermodynamics are to be
preserved, this is the way that a universe must be built...and it could not
possibly be otherwise.

The "Special Theory of Relativity" (or "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Objects"),
along with its assumptions of Galilean equivalence, gives us the basis to present a
logical argument 'that the magnetic field is everywhere in space':

Special Theory says that if an observer [a] travels with a moving charged object
(i.e.. an electron), that that object [a] would appear electrostatic as if stationary--no
magnetic field would be apparent in the space surrounding it, according to that
observer. Yet, if that observer were to suddenly 'jump ship' (as to abandon that
inertial frame of reference [a]), he would certainly witness an induced magnetic field
about the object [a] as it soared away. That strongly implies that, in reality, a
magnetic field environs the moving, charged object [a]--whether that field (B) is being
detected by an observer or not.

If this is true for the moving object/observer [a], then it is also true for the
relatively "stationary", electrostatic object [b] (and its "stationary observer" [b]);
since, in reality, EVERYTHING MOVES-- with respect to some other (non-synchronous)
frame of reference. So again, if this (so-called) "stationary" observer [b] were to
"jump ship" to a different inertial frame of reference ([c]...lets say with a lower and
parallel velocity), he would witness an induced magnetic field in the space surrounding
the "formally" stationary-electrostatic object [b].*

These demonstrations of equivalence suggest that there is a physical magnetic
field presence surrounding "all charged objects", whether that field (B) is being
detected by an observer or not.

Therefore it stands, if this reasoning is correct, that for everywhere in space, where
the laws of electrodynamics are valid; and where "The Special Theory of Relativity" is
also valid, there is a physical presence of a magnetic field.

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